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Few countries shape global wheat trade like Egypt. Still the world’s largest wheat importer — buying around 12–13 MMT annually — Egypt remains the ultimate benchmark for MENA grain trade, with every procurement reform in Cairo sending ripples through global markets.

The Black Sea region has long anchored global wheat trade with its aggressive pricing and geographic advantage — especially in the MENA region. But as weather volatility rises and competitors regroup, the balance is shifting. In this article, we explore how shifting production dynamics and geopolitical tensions are redrawing the trade map in one of the world’s most import-dependent regions.